An impromptu performance is one that's not planned ahead, but happens spontaneously. It can be anything from music or dance to a speech.
When people talk about an impromptu situation, they usually mean something unplanned and often a bit unexpected. For example, if someone asks you to give a short presentation on the spot, it's likely to be an impromptu thing. You might have some ideas already in mind, but you're not going to prepare a long speech beforehand. In music or theater, an impromptu performance can happen when musicians are jamming together or actors decide to improvise a scene on stage.
Improvised; without prior preparation, planning or rehearsal.
Example: The party began with an impromptu rendition of 'Happy Birthday'.
